Analog capacitor and method of fabricating the same

ABSTRACT

Analog capacitors, and methods of fabricating the same, include a lower electrode having a lower conductive layer, a capacitor dielectric layer on the lower conductive layer, and an upper electrode on the capacitor dielectric layer to be opposite to the lower electrode, wherein the upper electrode includes at least an upper conductive layer in contact with the capacitor dielectric layer, wherein the upper conductive layer has a resistivity higher than that of the lower conductive layer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to semiconductor devices and methods of fabricating the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to analog capacitors and methods of fabricating the same.

2. Description of the Related Art

An analog capacitor is one element of a device typically used in an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a radio frequency (RF) device, a switching capacitor filter, a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor (CIS), etc. An analog capacitor operates based on the fact that the quantity of charge stored in the electrodes on both ends of a dielectric layer varies corresponding to a change of an applied voltage.

When a voltage V is applied to a capacitor, an amount of charge Q stored in the electrodes of both ends of a dielectric layer can be given by Equation (1): Q=C×V   (1) where C is a capacitance of the capacitor.

If the capacitance C has a constant value, the amount of charge Q is linearly related to the voltage V. The amount of charge stored in the capacitor is constant when the voltage V is fixed. Accordingly, the voltage can be divided into intervals over an operating voltage range of a capacitor, and the amount of charge corresponding to each voltage interval can serve as one bit.

In order to obtain a high number of bits in an analog capacitor, the difference of the amount of charge corresponding to each voltage interval should be large and constant. For this purpose, the dielectric layer used in an analog capacitor needs a low voltage coefficient of capacitance (VCC), i.e., change in capacitance per change in voltage.

The capacitance of the dielectric layer generally depends on the voltage. That is, the capacitance C (V) is a function of an applied voltage V and may be fitted to a quadratic function, which is given by Equation (2): C(V)=C(0)×(a×V ² +b×V+1)   (2) where C(0) is a capacitance of a capacitor with no applied voltage, “a” is a quadratic coefficient of VCC, and “b” is a linear coefficient of VCC. Accordingly, in order to have a low VCC, “a” and “b” should be close to zero.

In a conventional capacitor of a polysilicon/insulator/polysilicon (PIP) structure or a metal/insulator/polysilicon (MIP) structure, a depletion layer forms on a polysilicon electrode during operation. This depletion layer substantially increases the thickness of the dielectric layer, which reduces the capacitance of the capacitor and deteriorates the VCC properties. In order to prevent these problems, a metal/insulator/metal (MIM) structure is employed as the analog capacitor.

However, VCC properties of a MIM analog capacitor are deteriorated due to oxidation of an electrode. Several subsequent processes are performed after the lower electrode of the capacitor has been formed during which the surface of the lower electrode of the capacitor may be oxidized. In particular, as oxide series materials with a high dielectric constant replace a silicon nitride layer as the dielectric layer for high integration of the semiconductor device, the surface of the lower electrode may undergo oxidation during the process of forming the dielectric layer on the lower electrode. To prevent this, the surface of the lower electrode is being subjected to rapid thermal nitridation (RTN) or to nitrogen plasma processing. Even using these processes, however, it is difficult to fully prevent the surface of the lower electrode from being oxidized. In particular, suppression of the oxidation of the lower electrode becomes more difficult when a subsequent oxygen curing process is performed to enhance the quality of the capacitor dielectric layer.

When the lower electrode of the analog capacitor is oxidized as described above, the resistance of the oxidized portion increases and the depletion layer may form in the oxidized portion of the lower electrode during operation of the analog capacitor. This depletion layer increases the VCC value, particularly the linear coefficient b of Equation (2). In connection therewith, a capacitor and method of fabricating the same in which a laminated layer of dielectric layers with different electrical properties is used to enhance voltage efficiency properties of the capacitor has been proposed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is therefore directed to analog capacitors and methods of fabricating the same, which substantially overcome one or more of the problems due to the limitations and disadvantages of the related art.

It is a feature of an embodiment of the present invention to provide analog capacitors with enhanced VCC properties.

It is another feature of an embodiment of the present invention to provide analog capacitors with a reduced linear coefficient of VCC.

It is still another feature of an embodiment of the present invention to provide analog capacitors with a reduced quadratic coefficient of VCC.

It is yet another feature of an embodiment of the present invention to provide a capacitor dielectric layer having a positive quadratic coefficient.

It is a further feature of an embodiment of the present invention to provide an upper electrode that has a higher resistance than a lower electrode.

It is yet another feature of an embodiment of the present invention to provide methods of fabricating the analog capacitor.

At least one of the above and other features and advantages of the present invention may be realized by providing a lower electrode including a lower conductive layer, a capacitor dielectric layer on the lower conductive layer; and an upper electrode on the capacitor dielectric layer opposite to the lower electrode, the upper electrode including at least an upper conductive layer in contact with the capacitor dielectric layer, wherein the upper conductive layer has a resistivity higher than that of the lower conductive layer.

An oxygen-doped layer having a resistivity higher than that of the lower conductive layer may be interposed between the lower conductive layer and the capacitor dielectric layer. A lower depletion layer may be formed in the oxygen-doped layer in contact with the capacitor dielectric layer when a voltage is applied between the lower electrode and the upper electrode, and an upper depletion layer may be formed in the upper conductive layer in contact with the capacitor dielectric layer when the voltage is applied between the lower electrode and the upper electrode.

The upper depletion layer may have substantially the same capacitance as that of the lower depletion layer.

The lower conductive layer may be a ruthenium (Ru) layer, a platinum (Pt) layer, an iridium (Ir) layer, a titanium nitride (TiN) layer, a tantalum nitride (TaN) layer, a tungsten nitride (WN) layer, a metal nitride layer containing silicon (Si), or a metal nitride layer containing aluminum (Al). The oxygen-doped layer may be a metal layer containing oxygen or a metal nitride layer containing oxygen, the metal layer or the metal nitride layer being the same material as the lower conductive layer. The oxygen-doped layer may be an oxidized upper portion of the lower conductive layer.

The capacitor dielectric layer may be selected from the group consisting of a silicon oxide (SiO₂) layer, a silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) layer, a metal oxide layer, and a perovskite dielectric layer, and a stacked layer combination thereof. The metal oxide layer may be selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) layer, a hafnium oxide (HfO₂) layer, a lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃) layer, a zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) layer, and a tantalum oxide (Ta₂O₅) layer. The perovskite dielectric layer may be selected from the group consisting of a barium strontium titanate (BST) layer, a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) layer, a strontium bismuth tantalite (SBT) layer and a strontium titanate (ST) layer.

The upper conductive layer may be a tungsten (W) layer, a titanium (Ti) layer, a tantalum (Ta) layer, an aluminum (Al) layer, a copper (Cu) layer, a ruthenium (Ru) layer, a platinum (Pt) layer, an iridium (Ir) layer, a titanium nitride (TiN) layer, a tantalum nitride (TaN) layer, a tungsten nitride (WN) layer, a metal nitride layer containing silicon (Si), or a metal nitride layer containing aluminum (Al). The upper conductive layer and the lower conductive layer may be made of a same material, e.g., titanium nitride (TiN).

The upper conductive layer may be a metal layer containing oxygen or a metal nitride layer containing oxygen. The metal layer may be a ruthenium (Ru) layer, a platinum (Pt) layer or an iridium (Ir) layer. The metal nitride layer may be a titanium nitride (TiN) layer, a tantalum nitride (TaN) layer, a tungsten nitride (WN) layer, a metal nitride layer containing silicon (Si), or a metal nitride layer containing aluminum (Al). The upper conductive layer may be an oxide layer of titanium nitride (TiON) when the lower conductive layer is a titanium nitride (TiN) layer. The upper conductive layer may be an oxide layer of ruthenium (RuO₂) when the lower conductive layer is a ruthenium (Ru) layer.

The upper electrode may further include an additional upper conductive layer disposed on the upper conductive layer, the additional upper conductive layer having a resistivity lower than that of the upper conductive layer.

At least one of the above and other features and advantages of the present invention may be realized by providing a method of fabricating an analog capacitor, including forming a lower insulating layer on a semiconductor substrate, forming a lower electrode having a lower conductive layer on the lower insulating layer, forming a capacitor dielectric layer on the lower conductive layer, and forming an upper electrode on the capacitor dielectric layer including at least an upper conductive layer in contact with the capacitor dielectric layer, wherein the upper conductive layer has a resistivity higher than that of the lower conductive layer.

A surface of the lower conductive layer may be plasma-treated in an atmosphere containing nitrogen before forming the capacitor dielectric layer.

The upper conductive layer may be formed by a deposition method capable of forming a layer having a resistivity higher than that of a layer formed by a deposition method for the lower conductive layer. The upper conductive layer may be formed using one of a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method, a physical vapor deposition (PVD) method, a metal organic chemical vapor deposition method, atomic layer deposition (ALD) method, and a plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) method. The upper conductive layer may be formed by the MOCVD method when the lower conductive layer is formed by the PVD method. The upper conductive layer may be a titanium nitride (TiN) layer formed by the MOCVD method when the lower conductive layer is a TiN layer formed by the PVD method.

The upper conductive layer may be a tungsten (W) layer, a titanium (Ti) layer, a tantalum (Ta) layer, an aluminum (Al) layer, a copper (Cu) layer, a ruthenium (Ru) layer, a platinum (Pt) layer, an iridium (Ir) layer, a titanium nitride (TiN) layer, a tantalum nitride (TaN) layer, a tungsten nitride (WN) layer, a metal nitride layer containing silicon (Si), or a metal nitride layer containing aluminum (Al).

The forming the upper conductive layer may include forming an additional conductive layer on the capacitor dielectric layer, and heat-treating the additional conductive layer in a gas atmosphere containing oxygen. The additional conductive layer may be a ruthenium (Ru) layer, a platinum (Pt) layer, an iridium (Ir) layer, a titanium nitride (TiN) layer, a tantalum nitride (TaN) layer, a tungsten nitride (WN) layer, a metal nitride layer containing silicon (Si), or a metal nitride layer containing aluminum (Al). The additional conductive layer may be formed to have a thickness less than about 100 Å. The additional conductive layer may be formed to have a thickness less than about 500 Å when the additional conductive layer is a material layer having good oxygen transmissivity. The additional conductive layer may be a ruthenium (Ru) layer or a platinum (Pt) layer.

Before forming the capacitor dielectric layer, the method may include performing heat-treatment on the lower conductive layer in a gas atmosphere containing oxygen so that a depletion layer is formed on the lower conductive layer adjacent to the capacitor dielectric layer.

The capacitor dielectric layer may have a positive quadratic coefficient of the capacitance-voltage plot. A lower depletion layer and an upper depletion layer adjacent the capacitor dielectric layer may reduce the quadratic coefficient of the capacitance-voltage of the capacitor dielectric layer. The capacitor dielectric layer may be selected from the group consisting of a silicon oxide (SiO₂) layer, a silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) layer, a metal oxide layer, a perovskite dielectric layer, and a stacked layer combination thereof, the capacitor dielectric layer may include at least one dielectric layer having a positive quadratic coefficient of the capacitance-voltage plot. The at least one dielectric layer may be an aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) layer, the silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) layer, or a hafnium oxide (HfO₂) layer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art by describing in detail exemplary embodiments thereof with reference to the attached drawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an analog capacitor according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 2 through 5 illustrate cross-sectional views of stages in a method of fabricating an analog capacitor according to a first embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate cross-sectional views of stages in a method of fabricating an analog capacitor according to a second embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a normalized capacitance-voltage plot of a conventional analog capacitor;

FIG. 9 is a normalized capacitance-voltage plot of an analog capacitor according to an embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 10 is a capacitance-voltage plot of an analog capacitor fabricated according to another embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Korean Patent Application No. 2004-8495, filed on Feb. 9, 2004, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, and entitled: “Analog Capacitor and Method for Fabricating the Same,” is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which exemplary embodiments of the invention are shown. The invention may, however, be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. In the figures, the dimensions of layers and regions are exaggerated for clarity of illustration. It will also be understood that when a layer is referred to as being “on” another layer or substrate, it can be directly on the other layer or substrate, or intervening layers may also be present. Further, it will be understood that when a layer is referred to as being “under” another layer, it can be directly under, and one or more intervening layers may also be present. In addition, it will also be understood that when a layer is referred to as being “between” two layers, it can be the only layer between the two layers, or one or more intervening layers may also be present. Like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout.

The principle of the present invention will be first described prior to discussing an analog capacitor according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention.

In a conventional analog capacitor, a VCC value, particularly, a linear coefficient of the VCC, increases because, during the process of forming the analog capacitor, a lower electrode is oxidized at a portion adjacent to a capacitor dielectric layer, and a depletion layer is formed in the oxidized portion. The increase of the linear coefficient of the VCC means that the symmetry of a capacitance-voltage plot of the analog capacitor with respect to a capacitance axis is degraded. Accordingly, an embodiment of the present invention is directed to reducing the VCC value, particularly the linear coefficient of the VCC value, by producing the depletion layer at an interface between the capacitor dielectric layer and the upper electrode. Forming respective depletion layers at respective interfaces of the lower and upper electrodes adjacent to the capacitor dielectric layer results in an improved VCC value, especially when the respective depletion layers have substantially the same capacitance.

Hereinafter, an analog capacitor according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 1. Referring to FIG. 1, a capacitor dielectric layer 102 is interposed between a lower electrode 100 and an upper electrode 104. Each of the lower electrode 100 and upper electrode 104 is connected with interconnection lines to apply a voltage to the capacitor or to allow charges to move. The lower electrode 100 may be a single layer composed of a lower conductive layer 100 a, or may be a stacked layer of at least two metal compound layers including the lower conductive layer 100 a. The lower conductive layer 100 a may be a metal layer or a metal nitride layer. The metal layer may be a ruthenium (Ru) layer, a platinum (Pt) layer or an iridium (Ir) layer. The metal nitride layer may be a titanium nitride (TiN) layer, a tantalum nitride (TaN) layer, a tungsten nitride (WN) layer, a metal nitride layer containing silicon (Si), or a metal nitride layer containing aluminum (Al).

The capacitor dielectric layer 102 may be a dielectric layer selected from the group consisting of a silicon oxide (SiO₂) layer, a silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) layer, a metal oxide layer, and a perovskite dielectric layer, or a stacked layer of a combination thereof. The metal oxide layer may be an aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) layer, a hafnium oxide (HfO₂) layer, a lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃) layer, a zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) layer, or a tantalum oxide (Ta₂O₅) layer. Further, the perovskite dielectric layer may be a barium strontium titanate (BST) layer, a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) layer, a strontium bismuth tantalite (SBT) layer or a strontium titanate (ST) layer.

An oxygen-doped layer 100 b may be further interposed between the lower conductive layer 100 a and the capacitor dielectric layer 102. The oxygen-doped layer 100 b may be a metal layer containing oxygen or a metal nitride layer containing oxygen. The metal layer or metal nitride layer serving as the oxygen-doped layer 100 b may be the same material as that of the lower conductive layer 100 a. In actuality, the oxygen-doped layer 100 b is formed due to oxidization of an upper portion of the lower conductive layer 100 a, and may be a portion of the lower conductive layer 100 a. For the sake of convenience of explanation, however, the lower conductive layer 100 a and the oxygen-doped layer 100 b will be described as being separate layers. The terms “oxidization” and “oxide layer” used in reference to the conductive layer, or any layer other than the capacitor dielectric layer, is not to mean that the layer is completely oxidized so as to have insulating properties, but rather is used herein to mean that the layer remains conductive, but has an increased resistivity due to the oxygen. Accordingly, the oxygen-doped layer 100 b is a layer formed by oxidation of an upper portion of the lower conductive layer 100 a, and is a conductive layer with a resistivity higher than that of the lower conductive layer 100 a which has not been oxidized.

The upper electrode 104 is disposed on the capacitor dielectric layer 102 opposite to the lower electrode 100. The upper electrode 104 includes at least an upper conductive layer 104 b adjacent to the capacitor dielectric layer 102. Moreover, the upper electrode 104 may be a stacked layer of at least two metal compound layers including the upper conductive layer 104 b and the additional upper conductive layer 104 a, both of which are sequentially stacked on the capacitor dielectric layer 102. When the upper electrode 104 is a stacked layer of the upper conductive layer 104 b and the additional upper conductive layer 104 a, the additional upper conductive layer 104 a may be a metal compound layer with a lower resistivity than that of the upper conductive layer 104 b. The upper conductive layer 104 b may be a metal compound layer with a high resistance so that a depletion layer is formed adjacent to the capacitor dielectric layer 102.

As described above, the analog capacitor according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes the oxygen-doped layer 100 b and the upper conductive layer 104 b adjacent to the capacitor dielectric layer 102 in the lower electrode 100 and the upper electrode 104. As a result, when a voltage is applied between the lower electrode and the upper electrode during operation of the analog capacitor, a lower depletion layer 100 c is formed on the oxygen-doped layer 100 b adjacent to the capacitor dielectric layer 102. Further, an upper depletion layer 104 c is formed on the upper conductive layer 104 b adjacent to the capacitor dielectric layer 102.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the upper depletion layer 104 c formed in the upper conductive layer 104 b may have a capacitance close to or identical to the capacitance of the lower depletion layer 100 c. The upper depletion layer 104 c may be made to have the same capacitance as that of the lower depletion layer 100 c by adjusting the resistivity of the upper conductive layer 104 b in which the upper depletion layer 104 c is formed.

For example, the upper conductive layer 104 b may be a conductive layer with a resistivity higher than that of the lower conductive layer 100 a. The upper conductive layer 104 b may be a metal layer, e.g., a tungsten (W) layer, a titanium (Ti) layer, a tantalum (Ta) layer, an aluminum (Al) layer, a copper (Cu) layer, a Ru layer, a Pt layer, or an Ir layer, or a metal nitride layer, e.g., a TiN layer, a TaN layer, a WN layer, a metal nitride layer containing Si, or a metal nitride layer containing aluminum Al.

The case, the upper conductive layer 104 b may be a metal compound layer formed by a different deposition that used to form the lower conductive layer 100 a. Methods for depositing a metal compound layer include a physical vapor deposition (PVD) method, a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method, a metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method, an atomic layer deposition (ALD) method, or a plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) method. Even when depositing a same metal compound, resistivity of the deposited metal compound will vary depending on how the deposition is performed. For example, the resistivity of a deposited TiN layer can have a value between about 500 μΩ·cm to about 50,000 μΩ·cm depending on a deposition method used. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, when the lower conductive layer 100 a is a TiN layer formed by the PVD method, the upper conductive layer 104 b may be a TiN layer formed by the MOCVD method.

Further, the upper conductive layer 104 b may be a different material layer with a resistivity higher than that of the lower conductive layer 100 a, and may be a metal compound layer. For example, when the lower conductive layer 100 a is a Ru layer with resistivity of about 20 μΩ·cm, the upper conductive layer 104 b may be a TiN layer with resistivity of about 500 μΩ·cm. When the lower conductive layer 100 a is a Ru layer and the upper conductive layer 104 b is the TiN layer, the capacitor dielectric layer 102 may be a stacked layer of a Ta₂O₅ layer and an HfO₂ layer, a stacked layer of a Ta₂O₅ layer and a La₂O₃ layer, or a stacked layer of a Ta₂O₅ layer and a ZrO₂ layer.

Further, in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the upper conductive layer 104 b may be a metal layer containing oxygen or a metal nitride layer containing oxygen. For example, the upper conductive layer 104 b may be an oxide layer of selected from the group consisting of a Ru layer, a Pt layer, a Ir layer, a TiN layer, a TaN layer, a WN layer, a metal nitride layer containing Si, and a metal nitride layer containing Al. For example, when the lower conductive layer 100 a is a TiN layer, the upper conductive layer 104 b may be a TiON layer. Further, when the lower conductive layer 100 a is a Ru layer, the upper conductive layer 104 b may be a RuO₂ layer.

As described above, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the lower depletion layer 100 c and the upper depletion layer 104 c, which may have the same capacitance, are formed on both sides of the capacitor dielectric layer 102, thereby enhancing the VCC properties and, in particular, reducing the linear coefficient. Whether the lower depletion layer 100 c and the upper depletion layer 104 c each formed in the interfaces of the capacitor dielectric layer 102 and the lower and upper electrodes 100,104 have substantially the same capacitance, thereby enhancing VCC properties, particularly reducing the linear coefficient, may be confirmed based on the symmetry of the capacitance-voltage plot of the analog capacitor with respect to a capacitance axis.

Furthermore, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the capacitor dielectric layer 102 may be a dielectric layer having a positive quadratic coefficient of the capacitance-voltage plot. Generally, when the capacitor dielectric layer is a dielectric layer with a negative charge trap, e.g., an Al₂O₃ layer, an HfO₂ layer, or a Si₃N₄ layer, the quadratic coefficient of the capacitance-voltage plot is positive, due to a decrease in an electrical equivalent thickness of the dielectric layer as the voltage increases. Further, when the capacitor dielectric layer is a dielectric layer with a positive charge trap, e.g., Ta₂O₅ or SiO₂, the quadratic coefficient of the capacitance-voltage plot is negative. Accordingly, in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the capacitor dielectric layer 102 is selected from the group consisting of a SiO₂ layer, a Si₃N₄ layer, a metal oxide layer, a perovskite dielectric layer, and a stacked layer of a combination thereof, wherein the dielectric layer 102 may include at least one dielectric layer of which a positive quadratic coefficient of the capacitance-voltage plot. The at least one dielectric layer having a positive quadratic coefficient of the capacitance-voltage plot may be an Al₂O₃ layer, a Si₃N₄ layer, or an HfO₂ layer.

On the other hand, when there is no effect by charges in the capacitor dielectric layer, but only an effect by depletions created in the electrodes, the quadratic coefficient of the capacitance-voltage plot will be negative, due to an increase of the electrical equivalent thickness of the capacitor dielectric layer. Accordingly, when the capacitance-voltage plot of the capacitor dielectric layer 102 has a positive quadratic coefficient, the VCC properties may be enhanced by producing the upper depletion layer 104 c and the lower depletion layer 100 c having preferably the same capacitance at both sides of the capacitor dielectric layer 102, respectively. That is, the linear coefficient in the quadratic function of the capacitance represented as a function of a voltage may be reduced by the upper depletion layer 104 c and the lower depletion layer 100 c formed in balance on both sides of the capacitor dielectric layer 102, as described above. Further, the quadratic coefficient, which indicates a degree of curvature in the quadratic function, may also be reduced by combining the effect by electrode depletion and curve properties by the negative charge trap of the capacitor dielectric layer 102.

FIGS. 2 through 5 illustrate cross-sectional views of stages in a method of fabricating an analog capacitor according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 2, a lower insulating layer 302 is formed on a semiconductor substrate 300. Interconnection lines (not shown) may have already been formed on the semiconductor substrate 300. The lower insulating layer 302 may be a low-k dielectric layer, e.g., a silicon oxide layer. A lower electrode structure 304 is formed on the semiconductor substrate with the lower insulating layer 302 formed thereon. The lower electrode structure 304 includes at least a lower conductive layer 304 a. That is, the lower electrode structure 304 may be formed of only the lower conductive layer 304 a, or may be a stacked layer of metal compound layers including the lower conductive layer 304 a. The lower conductive layer 304 a may be a metal layer, e.g., a Ru layer, a Pt layer or an Ir layer, or a metal nitride layer, e.g., a TiN layer, a TaN layer, a WN layer, a metal nitride layer containing Si, or a metal nitride layer containing Al. After the lower electrode structure 304 has been formed, a portion of the lower electrode structure 304, i.e., the surface of the lower conductive layer 304 a, may be plasma treated at an atmosphere containing nitrogen, e.g., NH₃ or N₂.

Referring to FIG. 3, a capacitor dielectric layer 306 is formed on the lower electrode structure 304. The capacitor dielectric layer 306 may be a dielectric layer selected from the group consisting of a silicon oxide layer (SiO₂), a silicon nitride layer (Si₃N₄), a metal oxide layer, and a perovskite dielectric layer, and a stacked layer combination thereof. Then, in order to enhance layer quality of the capacitor dielectric layer 306, heat-treatment may be performed on the capacitor dielectric layer 306 in a gas atmosphere containing oxygen, e.g., O₂ or O₃. Meanwhile, an upper portion of the lower conductive layer 304 a may undergo oxidation during the process of forming the capacitor dielectric layer 306 or the heat-treating process. Consequently, an oxygen-doped layer 304 b may be formed on the lower conductive layer 304 a adjacent to the capacitor dielectric layer 306.

Referring to FIG. 4, an upper electrode structure 308 is formed on the capacitor dielectric layer 306. The upper electrode structure 308 includes at least an upper conductive layer 308 b in contact with the capacitor dielectric layer 306. Moreover, the upper electrode structure 308 may include the upper conductive layer 308 b and an additional upper conductive layer 308 a, stacked on the capacitor dielectric layer 306 in sequence. When the upper electrode structure 308 is a stacked layer of the upper conductive layer 308 b and the additional upper conductive layer 308 a, the additional upper conductive layer 308 a preferably is a metal compound layer with a resistivity lower than that of the upper conductive layer 308 b. In a first embodiment of the present invention, the upper conductive layer 308 b is preferably formed of a high-resistive film to produce a depletion layer adjacent to the capacitor dielectric layer 306.

In the first embodiment of the present invention, the upper conductive layer 308 b is preferably formed to have a resistivity higher than that of the lower conductive layer 304 a. In this case, the upper conductive layer 308 b may have a resistivity higher than that of the lower conductive layer 304 a by using a deposition method different from that of the lower conductive layer 304 a. As noted above, when different deposition methods are applied to the same metal compounds, the resistivity of the deposited metal compound layers will have a different value. The method of depositing the upper conductive layer 308 b may be selected from deposition methods such as a PVD method, a CVD method, a PECVD method, a MOCVD method, an ALD method, and a PEALD method. For example, in the case where the lower conductive layer 304 a is a TiN layer formed by the PVD method, the upper conductive layer 308 b may be formed of a TiN layer by the MOCVD method.

Further, in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the upper conductive layer 308 b may be formed of material layer with a resistivity higher than that of the lower conductive layer 304 a, and preferably may be formed of a metal compound layer. The upper conductive layer 308 b may be selected from the group consisting of a metal layer, e.g., W, Ti, Ta, Al, Cu, Ru, Pt, or Ir, a metal nitride layer such as TiN, TaN or WN, a metal nitride layer containing Si, and a metal nitride layer containing Al, and preferably has a resistivity higher than that of the lower conductive layer 304 a. For example, when the lower conductive layer 304 a is a Ru layer, the upper conductive layer 308 b may be a TiN layer, and the capacitor dielectric layer 306 may be a stacked layer of a Ta₂O₅ layer and an HfO₂ layer.

According to the first embodiment of the present invention, the upper conductive layer 308 b is formed corresponding to the oxygen-doped layer 304 b as described above. As a result, since lower and upper depletion layers are formed on the oxygen-doped layer 304 b and the upper conductive layer 308 b, respectively during operation of the analog capacitor, it is possible to prevent the VCC properties of the analog capacitor from deteriorating due to a depletion layer asymmetrically formed on only one side of the capacitor dielectric layer 306. The lower depletion layer and the upper depletion layer, being formed on the oxygen-doped layer 304 b and the upper conductive layer 308 b, respectively, may have the same capacitance, which may be varied by adjusting the resistivity of the upper conductive layer 308 b.

Referring to FIG. 5, the upper electrode structure 308, the capacitor dielectric layer 306 and the lower electrode structure 304 are sequentially patterned, e.g., using a photolithography process. As a result, an analog capacitor composed of a lower electrode 304′, a capacitor dielectric layer pattern 306′ and an upper electrode 308′ is fabricated on the lower insulating layer 302. Then, an inter-layer insulating layer covering the entire surface of the analog capacitor and interconnection lines for electrically connecting the upper electrode 308′ through the inter-layer insulating layer may be provided.

FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate cross-sectional views of stages in a method of fabricating an analog capacitor according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 6, a lower insulating layer 502 is formed on a semiconductor substrate 500. A lower electrode structure 504 including a lower conductive layer 504 a and a capacitor dielectric layer 506 are sequentially formed on the lower insulating layer 502 by the same method as in the first embodiment of the present invention. Further, an oxygen-doped layer 504 b may be formed on the lower conductive layer 504 a at a portion adjacent to the capacitor dielectric layer 506. An additional conductive layer 507 is formed on the capacitor dielectric layer 506. The additional conductive layer 507 may be formed of a metal layer, e.g., Ru layer, a Pt layer or a Ir layer, or a metal nitride layer, e.g., a metal nitride layer containing Si or Al.

Referring to FIG. 7, an upper conductive layer 508 b composed of an oxide layer of the additional conductive layer 507 is formed on the capacitor dielectric layer 506 by heat-treating (H) the additional conductive layer 507 in an oxygen atmosphere, e.g., O₂ or O₃. In the second embodiment of the present invention, the additional conductive layer 507 is formed in order to form the upper conductive layer 508 b capable of producing a depletion layer adjacent to the capacitor dielectric layer 306. If the additional conductive layer 507 is too thick, oxidation of the additional conductive layer 507 may cause power loss or degradation of RF properties. Accordingly, the additional conductive layer 507 is preferably formed to have a minimal thickness in consideration of the thickness of a depletion layer subsequently formed in the upper conductive layer 508 b, and is preferably formed to have a thickness less than about 100 Å. A material layer with excellent oxygen transmissivity, such as a Ru layer or a Pt layer, may be formed to have a thickness less than about 500 Å. After the upper conductive layer 508 b has been formed, an additional upper conductive layer may be further formed on the upper conductive layer 508 b. In this case, the additional upper conductive layer preferably has a resistivity lower than that of the upper conductive layer 508 b. Thereafter, formation of the analog capacitor is completed using the same processes as those in the first embodiment of the present invention.

According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, the capacitor dielectric layer may be a dielectric layer having a positive quadratic coefficient of the capacitance-voltage plot in either the first or second embodiments of the present invention. In this case, the capacitor dielectric layer may be selected from the group consisting of a SiO₂ layer, a Si₃N₄ layer, a metal oxide layer, a perovskite dielectric layer, and a stacked layer combination thereof, wherein the capacitor dielectric layer may include at least one dielectric layer having a positive quadratic coefficient of the capacitance-voltage plot, e.g., an Al₂O₃ layer, a Si₃N₄ layer, or an HfO₂ layer.

According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, a process of performing heat-treatment in a gas atmosphere containing oxygen, e.g., O₂ or O₃, may be further performed on the lower conductive layer prior to forming the capacitor dielectric layer having the positive quadratic coefficient of the capacitance-voltage plot. In this case, it is preferable that nitrogen plasma treatment is not performed on the surface of the lower conductive layer. As a result of heat-treating the lower conductive layer in the oxygen atmosphere, the oxygen-doped layer formed on the lower conductive layer may have an increased resistivity. As the resistivity of the oxygen-doped layer increases, the lower depletion layer then formed on the oxygen-doped layer during operation of the capacitor will have an increased thickness with respect to the same voltage. Thereafter, the capacitor dielectric layer is formed on the oxygen-doped layer, and then an upper conductive layer is formed on the capacitor dielectric layer so that the upper depletion layer having preferably the same capacitance as that of the lower depletion layer is formed. As a result, the upper depletion layer and the lower depletion layer, each being formed at an interface of the capacitance dielectric layer and the upper conductive layer and the oxygen-doped layer, will have a larger thickness, so that the quadratic coefficient of the capacitance-voltage plot of the capacitance dielectric layer may be further reduced.

EXAMPLES

FIG. 8 is a normalized capacitance-voltage plot of a conventional analog capacitor, and FIG. 9 is a normalized capacitance-voltage plot of an analog capacitor according to an embodiment of the present invention. The capacitance-voltage plots of FIGS. 8 and 9 are capacitance-voltage plots of analog capacitors fabricated according to Table 1 below, respectively. TABLE 1 Surface Post-treatment Lower treatment of Capacitor of dielectric Upper Sample electrode lower electrode dielectric layer layer electrode First sample 81 PVD-TiN NH₃ plasma Ta₂O₅/HfO₂/Ta₂O₅ x PVD-TiN Second sample 82 PVD-TiN NH₃ plasma Ta₂O₅/HfO₂/Ta₂O₅ O₃ processing PVD-TiN Third sample 83 PVD-TiN NH₃ plasma Ta₂O₅/HfO₂/Ta₂O₅ O₃ processing MOCVD-TiN

Referring to FIGS. 8 and 9, by comparing the capacitance-voltage plots of the first sample 81 and the second sample 82 when the capacitor dielectric layer was formed and subjected to O₃ treatment, the capacitance-voltage plot in the second sample 82 is asymmetric with respect to the capacitance axis even though NH₃ plasma processing has been performed on the lower electrode. In particular, the linear coefficient of the second sample 82 is about 0.33×10⁻², which is much greater than the 0.41×10⁻³ of the first sample 81. It is assumed that this result was due to the surface of the lower electrode being oxidized while performing the O₃ treatment on the capacitor dielectric layer such that a depletion layer was formed in the oxidized portion.

In contrast, in the case of the third sample 83 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the upper electrode was formed of a TiN layer by the MOCVD method, unlike the second sample 82, in which the upper electrode was formed in the same manner as the lower electrode. Thus, the upper electrode of the third sample 83 has a resistivity higher than that of the lower electrode. As a result, the linear coefficient of the third sample 83 is greatly reduced to −0.17×10⁻². This result shows that the linear coefficient of the capacitance-voltage plot may be reduced when the depletion layers are formed in balance on upper/lower interfaces of the capacitor dielectric layer by forming the upper electrode having a resistivity higher than that of the lower electrode. Further, the result of the third sample 83 shows that the linear coefficient may be made to be close to zero by adjusting the resistivity of the upper electrode.

FIG. 10 is a capacitance-voltage plot of an analog capacitor fabricated according to another embodiment of the present invention. The capacitance-voltage plot of FIG. 10 is a capacitance-voltage plot of an analog capacitor fabricated according to Table 2 below. TABLE 2 Lower Capacitor Upper Sample electrode dielectric layer electrode Fourth ALD-TiN Ta₂O₅/HfO₂/Ta₂O₅ Ru 50 Å/PVD-TiN sample 84 Fifth ALD-TiN Ta₂O₅/HfO₂/Ta₂O₅ Ru 50 Å/O₂ heat- sample 85 treatment/PVD-TiN

For the fourth sample 84, an upper electrode was formed of a stacked layer of a Ru layer and a TiN layer by the PVD method. For the fifth sample 85, the Ru layer was heat-treated and oxidized at a temperature of about 400° C. for about thirty minutes in an O₂ atmosphere, and then a TiN layer was formed on the oxidized Ru layer by the PVD method. The surfaces of the lower electrodes of the fourth sample 84 and the fifth sample 85 are both oxidized while forming the capacitor dielectric layer.

The linear coefficient of the fourth sample 84 is 0.24×10⁻² while the linear coefficient of the fifth sample 85 is 0.13×10⁻². As can be seen in FIG. 10, the capacitance-voltage plot of the fifth sample 85 is shifted right relative to the plot of the fourth sample 84. This result shows that forming the depletion layers on the upper and lower interfaces of the capacitor dielectric layer in balance by oxidizing the Ru layer adjacent to the capacitor dielectric layer may reduce a linear coefficient of the capacitance-voltage plot. Even though the Ru layer is oxidized, the Ru layer remains conductive, and the increase of the resistivity due to the oxidization is negligible. However, since deviation in capacitance in the analog capacitor is measured in parts per million (ppm), which is very small, the Ru layer will have an increased resistance value when oxidized, and thus will form depletion layers adjacent to the capacitor dielectric layer.

As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to fabricate an analog capacitor having enhanced VCC properties by properly adjusting the resistance of upper/lower electrodes.

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed herein and, although specific terms are employed, they are used and are to be interpreted in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purpose of limitation. Accordingly, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as set forth in the following claims. 

1. An analog capacitor, comprising: a lower electrode including a lower conductive layer; a capacitor dielectric layer on the lower conductive layer; and an upper electrode on the capacitor dielectric layer opposite to the lower electrode, the upper electrode including at least an upper conductive layer in contact with the capacitor dielectric layer, wherein the upper conductive layer has a resistivity higher than that of the lower conductive layer.
 2. The analog capacitor as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: an oxygen-doped layer interposed between the lower conductive layer and the capacitor dielectric layer and having a resistivity higher than that of the lower conductive layer.
 3. The analog capacitor as claimed in claim 2, further comprising: a lower depletion layer formed in the oxygen-doped layer in contact with the capacitor dielectric layer when a voltage is applied between the lower electrode and the upper electrode; and an upper depletion layer formed in the upper conductive layer in contact with the capacitor dielectric layer when the voltage is applied between the lower electrode and the upper electrode.
 4. The analog capacitor as claimed in claim 3, wherein the upper depletion layer has substantially the same capacitance as that of the lower depletion layer.
 5. The analog capacitor as claimed in claim 3, wherein the lower conductive layer is a ruthenium (Ru) layer, a platinum (Pt) layer, an iridium (Ir) layer, a titanium nitride (TiN) layer, a tantalum nitride (TaN) layer, a tungsten nitride (WN) layer, a metal nitride layer containing silicon (Si), or a metal nitride layer containing aluminum (Al).
 6. The analog capacitor as claimed in claim 3, wherein the oxygen-doped layer is a metal layer containing oxygen or a metal nitride layer containing oxygen, the metal layer or the metal nitride layer being the same material as the lower conductive layer.
 7. The analog capacitor as claimed in claim 3, wherein the oxygen-doped layer is oxidized upper portion of the lower conductive layer.
 8. The analog capacitor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the capacitor dielectric layer is selected from the group consisting of a silicon oxide (SiO₂) layer, a silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) layer, a metal oxide layer, and a perovskite dielectric layer, and a stacked layer combination thereof.
 9. The analog capacitor as claimed in claim 8, wherein the metal oxide layer is selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) layer, a hafnium oxide (HfO₂) layer, a lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃) layer, a zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) layer, and a tantalum oxide (Ta₂O₅) layer, and wherein the perovskite dielectric layer is selected from the group consisting of a barium strontium titanate (BST) layer, a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) layer, a strontium bismuth tantalite (SBT) layer and a strontium titanate (ST) layer.
 10. The analog capacitor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the upper conductive layer is a tungsten (W) layer, a titanium (Ti) layer, a tantalum (Ta) layer, an aluminum (Al) layer, a copper (Cu) layer, a ruthenium (Ru) layer, a platinum (Pt) layer, an iridium (Ir) layer, a titanium nitride (TiN) layer, a tantalum nitride (TaN) layer, a tungsten nitride (WN) layer, a metal nitride layer containing silicon (Si), or a metal nitride layer containing aluminum (Al).
 11. The analog capacitor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the upper conductive layer and the lower conductive layer are made of a same material.
 12. The analog capacitor as claimed in claim 11, wherein the upper conductive layer and the lower conductive layer are made of titanium nitride (TiN).
 13. The analog capacitor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the upper conductive layer is a metal layer containing oxygen or a metal nitride layer containing oxygen.
 14. The analog capacitor as claimed in claim 13, wherein the metal layer is a ruthenium (Ru) layer, a platinum (Pt) layer or an iridium (Ir) layer, and the metal nitride layer is a titanium nitride (TiN) layer, a tantalum nitride (TaN) layer, a tungsten nitride (WN) layer, a metal nitride layer containing silicon (Si), or a metal nitride layer containing aluminum (Al).
 15. The analog capacitor as claimed in claim 13, wherein the upper conductive layer is an oxide layer of titanium nitride (TiON) when the lower conductive layer is a titanium nitride (TiN) layer.
 16. The analog capacitor as claimed in claim 13, wherein the upper conductive layer is an oxide layer of ruthenium (RuO₂) when the lower conductive layer is a ruthenium (Ru) layer.
 17. The analog capacitor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the upper electrode further comprises an additional upper conductive layer on the upper conductive layer, the additional upper conductive layer having a resistivity lower than that of the upper conductive layer.
 18. The analog capacitor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the capacitor dielectric layer has a positive quadratic coefficient of the capacitance-voltage plot.
 19. The analog capacitor as claimed in claim 18, further comprising: an oxygen-doped layer interposed between the lower conductive layer and the capacitor dielectric layer and having a resistivity higher than that of the lower conductive layer.
 20. The analog capacitor as claimed in claim 19, further comprising: a lower depletion layer and an upper depletion layer, each being formed in the oxygen-doped layer and the upper conductive layer at portions adjacent to the capacitor dielectric layer when a voltage is applied between the lower electrode and the upper electrode, wherein the lower depletion layer and the upper depletion layer reduce the quadratic coefficient of the capacitance-voltage of the capacitor dielectric layer.
 21. The analog capacitor as claimed in claim 20, wherein the upper depletion layer has a capacitance substantially equal to that of the lower depletion layer.
 22. The analog capacitor as claimed in claim 21, wherein the capacitor dielectric layer is selected from the group consisting of a silicon oxide (SiO₂) layer, a silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) layer, a metal oxide layer, a perovskite dielectric layer, and stacked layer combination thereof, the capacitor dielectric layer including at least one dielectric layer having a positive quadratic coefficient of the capacitance-voltage plot.
 23. The analog capacitor as claimed in claim 22, wherein the at least one dielectric layer is an aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) layer, the silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) layer, or a hafnium oxide (HfO₂) layer.
 24. A method of fabricating an analog capacitor, comprising: forming a lower insulating layer on a semiconductor substrate; forming a lower electrode having a lower conductive layer on the lower insulating layer; forming a capacitor dielectric layer on the lower conductive layer; and forming an upper electrode on the capacitor dielectric layer including at least an upper conductive layer in contact with the capacitor dielectric layer, wherein the upper conductive layer has a resistivity higher than that of the lower conductive layer.
 25. The method as claimed in claim 24, further comprising: plasma-treating a surface of the lower conductive layer in an atmosphere containing nitrogen before forming the capacitor dielectric layer.
 26. The method as claimed in claim 24, wherein the upper conductive layer is formed by a deposition method capable of forming a layer having a resistivity higher than that of a layer formed by a deposition method for the lower conductive layer.
 27. The method as claimed in claim 26, wherein forming the upper conductive layer comprises using one of a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method, a physical vapor deposition (PVD) method, a metal organic chemical vapor deposition method, atomic layer deposition (ALD) method, and a plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) method.
 28. The method as claimed in claim 27, wherein the upper conductive layer is formed by the MOCVD method when the lower conductive layer is formed by the PVD method.
 29. The method as claimed in claim 28, wherein the upper conductive layer is a titanium nitride (TiN) layer formed by the MOCVD method when the lower conductive layer is a TiN layer formed by the PVD method.
 30. The method as claimed in claim 24, wherein the upper conductive layer is a tungsten (W) layer, a titanium (Ti) layer, a tantalum (Ta) layer, an aluminum (Al) layer, a copper (Cu) layer, a ruthenium (Ru) layer, a platinum (Pt) layer, an iridium (Ir) layer, a titanium nitride (TiN) layer, a tantalum nitride (TaN) layer, a tungsten nitride (WN) layer, a metal nitride layer containing silicon (Si), or a metal nitride layer containing aluminum (Al).
 31. The method as claimed in claim 24, wherein forming the upper conductive layer comprises: forming an additional conductive layer on the capacitor dielectric layer; and heat-treating the additional conductive layer in a gas atmosphere containing oxygen.
 32. The method as claimed in claim 31, wherein the additional conductive layer is a ruthenium (Ru) layer, a platinum (Pt) layer, an iridium (Ir) layer, a titanium nitride (TiN) layer, a tantalum nitride (TaN) layer, a tungsten nitride (WN) layer, a metal nitride layer containing silicon (Si), or a metal nitride layer containing aluminum (Al).
 33. The method as claimed in claim 31, wherein the additional conductive layer is formed to have a thickness less than about 100 Å.
 34. The method as claimed in claim 31, wherein the additional conductive layer is formed to have a thickness less than about 500 Å when the additional conductive layer is a material layer having good oxygen transmissivity.
 35. The method as claimed in claim 34, wherein the additional conductive layer is a ruthenium (Ru) layer or a platinum (Pt) layer.
 36. The method as claimed in claim 24, wherein the capacitor dielectric layer is formed of a dielectric layer having a positive quadratic coefficient of a capacitance-voltage plot.
 37. The method as claimed in claim 36, further comprising: before forming the capacitor dielectric layer, performing heat-treatment on the lower conductive layer in a gas atmosphere containing oxygen so that a depletion layer is formed on the lower conductive layer adjacent to the capacitor dielectric layer.
 38. The method as claimed in claim 36, wherein the capacitor dielectric layer is formed of one selected from the group consisting of a silicon oxide (SiO₂) layer, a silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) layer, a metal oxide layer, a perovskite dielectric layer, and a stacked layer combination thereof, the capacitor dielectric layer including at least one dielectric layer having a positive quadratic coefficient of the capacitance-voltage plot.
 39. The method as claimed in claim 38, wherein the at least one dielectric layer is an aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) layer, a silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) layer, or an hafnium oxide (HfO₂) layer. 